As long as the period appears at the end of the statement, no problems will arise. It is this period that marks where the statement finishes. You may take advantage of this and improve the readability of your program by using indentation to indicate blocks of code. That is, multiple statements can be placed on a single line, or a single statement may stretch across multiple lines. Colon Notation Consecutive statements can be chained together if the beginning of each statement is identical.
This is done with the colon : operator and commas, which are used to terminate the individual statements, much as periods end normal statements. All text following the double quote is considered by the system to be a comment. You need not terminate partial line comments by a period because they may not extend across more than one line: WRITE 'Hello'.
It suppresses all leading zeros of a number field containing blanks. The output is usually easier for the users to read.
The above message command produces the following output: This is the 1st line This is the 2nd line We may use the SKIP command to insert multiple blank lines. The output would be several blank lines defined by the number of lines. The SKIP command can also position the cursor on a desired line on the page. This command is used to dynamically move the cursor up and down the page.
The above code produces the following output: This is Underlined and a horizontal line below this. The messages are numbered from to Associated with each number is a message text up to a maximum of 80 characters. When message number is called, the corresponding text is displayed.
Following are the characters for use with the Message command: Message Type Consequences E Error The message appears and the application halts at its current point. If the program is running in background mode, the job is canceled and the message is recorded in the job log. W Warning The message appears and the user must press Enter for the application to continue. In background mode, the message is recorded in the job log.
I Information A pop-up window opens with the message text and the user must press Enter to continue. A Abend This message class cancels the transaction that the user is currently using. The information displayed is positive in nature and it is just meant for user feedback. The message does not impede the program in any way. Error messages are normally used to stop users from doing things they are not supposed to do.
Warning messages are generally used to remind the users of the consequences of their actions. Information messages give the users useful information. Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values.
This means that when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory. You may like to store information of various data types like character, integer, floating point, etc. Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. Elementary Data Types ABAP offers the programmer a rich assortment of fixed length as well as variable length data types.
Type Typical Length Typical Range X 1 byte Any byte values 00 to FF C 1 character 1 to N numeric text filed 1 character 1 to D character-like date 8 characters 8 characters T character-like time 6 characters 6 characters I 4 bytes to 2. In this example, we have a character string of type C with a predefined length In the structure types, elementary types and structures i. You may consider only the grouping of elementary types.
But you must be aware of the availability of nesting of structures. When the elementary types are grouped together, the data item can be accessed as a grouped data item or the individual elementary type data items structure fields can be accessed.
The table types are better known as arrays in other programming languages. Arrays can be simple or structure arrays. In ABAP, arrays are called internal tables and they can be declared and operated upon in many ways when compared to other programming languages. The following table shows the parameters according to which internal tables are characterized. Key Specifies a field or a group of fields as a key of an internal table that identifies the table rows.
A key contains the fields of elementary types. Reference types are used to refer to instances of classes, interfaces, and run-time data items. As the name suggests, users can change the content of variables with the help of ABAP statements. Each variable in ABAP has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
You must declare all variables before they can be used. The name of the variable can be up to 30 characters long. In case you define an elementary fixed-length variable, the DATA statement automatically populates the value of the variable with the type-specific initial value.
Following are valid examples of variable declarations. This chapter will explain various variable types available in ABAP.
Therefore, you are supposed to avoid hyphens in variable names. They are fully defined by their value. Constants are named data objects created statically by using declarative statements.
A constant is declared by assigning a value to it that is stored in the program's memory area. These fixed values can also be considered as literals. There are two types of literals: numeric and character. Numeric Literals Number literals are sequences of digits which can have a prefixed sign.
In number literals, there are no decimal separators and no notation with mantissa and exponent. Following are some examples of numeric literals: Character Literals Character literals are sequences of alphanumeric characters in the source code of an ABAP program enclosed in single quotation marks.
Character literals enclosed in quotation marks have the predefined ABAP type C and are described as text field literals. The field length is defined by the number of characters. Note: In text field literals, trailing blanks are ignored, but in string literals they are taken into account.
Following are some examples of character literals. Write 'Tutorials Point'. Constants that you declare in the declaration part of a class or an interface belong to the static attributes of that class or interface. We have 3 types of constants such as elementary, complex and reference constants.
The output is: The value of PQR is: 1. We can use the constant reference in comparisons or we may pass it on to procedures. The following list describes arithmetic operators.
Assume integer variable A holds 20 and variable B holds Example: A - B will give MOD Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns the remainder. Alternate form is EQ. If the values are not equal then the condition Alternate form is NE. If yes then condition Alternate form is GT.
If yes, then condition Alternate form is LT. If yes, then Alternate form is GE. If yes, then Alternate form is LE. If yes, then the condition becomes true. Note: If the data type or length of the variables does not match then automatic conversion is performed. Automatic type adjustment is performed for either one or both of the values while comparing two values of different data types.
The conversion type is decided by the data type and the preference order of the data type. But C and N types are not converted and they are compared directly. Similar is the case with type T. Bitwise Operators ABAP also provides a series of bitwise logical operators that can be used to build Boolean algebraic expressions.
The bitwise operators can be combined in complex expressions using parentheses and so on. Bitwise Operator Description Unary operator that flips all the bits in a hexadecimal number to the opposite value. The above code produces the following output: P contains at least one character of Q. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated execution paths. A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times and following is the general form of a loop statement in most of the programming languages. ABAP programming language provides the following types of loop to handle looping requirements. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
The DO statement is useful for repeating particular task a DO loop specific number of times. Loop Control Statements Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. ABAP includes control statements that allow loops to be ended prematurely. It supports the following control statements. Terminates the loop entirely and transfers execution to the EXIT statement immediately following the loop.
The statement block may be a single statement or a block of statements. The loop continues until the logical statement is found to be untrue and exits the loop if a false statement is found, and the first statement after the WHILE loop is executed. DATA: a type i. The DO statement implements unconditional loops by executing a set of statement blocks several times unconditionally.
If it is zero or negative, the statements in the loop are not executed. Data: a1 type I, b1 type I. Do 2 times. Do 10 times. So in this case, the inner loop is processed 20 times. As soon as the CONTINUE statement is executed, the execution of the remaining statements in the current processing block is stopped and the next loop pass is processed.
The above code produces the following output: 1 2 4 5 The CONTINUE statement ignores all the statements in the current statement block and proceeds with the next loop pass. If the condition in the CHECK statement is evaluated to false then all the remaining statements in the statement block after the CHECK statement are ignored, and the next loop pass starts. As soon as the EXIT statement is executed, the loop is terminated and the statements following the loop are processed.
The syntax for exit statement is: EXIT. ABAP — Decisions SAP ABAP Decision making structures have one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements that are to be executed, if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed, if the condition is determined to be false. Following is the general form of a typical decision-making structure found in most of the programming languages: ABAP programming language provides the following types of decision-making statements.
The following syntax is used for the IF statement. If the expression evaluates to true, then the IF block of code will be executed.
The above code produces the following output: This is IF statement. Otherwise, ELSE block of code will be executed. The following syntax is used for IF…. ELSE statement. The following syntax is used for the IF In the above syntax, the execution of the processing block is based on the result of one or more logical conditions associated with the processing block. The above code produces the following output: Result is less than seventy.
The syntax for a nested IF Write 'This is not the title'. WHEN 'Tutorials'. WHEN 'Limited'. WHEN 'Programming'. Write 'Yes, this is the title'. Write 'Sorry, Mismatch'. The above code produces the following output: Yes, this is the title. We use data type C variables for holding alphanumeric characters, with a minimum of 1 character and a maximum of 65, characters. By default, these are aligned to the left. Creating Strings The following declaration and initialization creates a string consisting of the word 'Hello'.
The size of the string is exactly the number of characters in the word 'Hello'. Following program is an example of creating strings. We can convert the output to country specific calendars. A date is a time specified to a precise day, week or month with respect to a calendar. A time is specified to a precise second or minute with respect to a day.
ABAP always saves time in hour format. The output can have a country specific format. Dates and time are usually interpreted as local dates that are valid in the current time zone. Following table shows the basic date and time types available in ABAP. For example, the value represents the date D September 13, For T example, the value represents time AM.
Length 11 Decimals 7 Current Data and Time The following code snippets retrieve the current system date and time. The above code produces the following output: Present Date is: Next, we increment the date value by 6. The ABAP runtime environment is smart enough to roll over the date value whenever it reaches the end of a month.
Time calculations work similar to date calculations. The following code increments the current system time by 75 seconds using basic time arithmetic. Timestamp value is encoded using the UTC standard. The above code produces the following output: The short time stamp is: This addition formats the output of the timestamp according to the rules for the time zone specified.
For example, you can create a list that includes various items in different colors or formatting styles. In addition to the forward slash, the format specification includes a column number and column length.
WRITE: n, m. When an exception occurs the normal flow of the program is disrupted and the program application terminates abnormally, which is not recommended, therefore these exceptions are to be handled. Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another.
Usually, an exception handler tries to repair the error or find an alternative solution. This statement block is processed sequentially. It can contain further control structures and calls of procedures or other ABAP programs. It is followed by one or more catch blocks. CATCH: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you want to handle the problem.
That is, cleanup work can be executed for the context of the TRY block. Raise and create an exception object simultaneously. Raise an exception with an exception object that already exists in the first scenario. Catching Exceptions Handlers are used to catch exceptions.
In the above code snippet, we are trying to divide Num1 by Num2 to get the result in a float type variable. Two types of exceptions could be generated. Previous This attribute can store the original exception that allows you to build a chain of exceptions. The above code produces the following output for the number ABAP Dictionary can be viewed as metadata i.
The Dictionary is known as the global area. The Dictionary supports the definition of user-defined types and these types are used in ABAP programs.
They also define the structure of database objects such as tables, views and indexes. These objects are created automatically in the underlying database in their Dictionary definitions when the objects are activated. Example Any complex user-defined type can be built from the 3 basic types in the Dictionary.
Name is also a structure with components, First name and Last name. Both of these components are elementary because their type is defined by a data element. The type of component Address is defined by a structure whose components are also structures, and the Telephone component is defined by a table type because a customer can have more than one telephone number. Types are used in ABAP programs and also to define the types of interface parameters of function modules. The domain is used for the technical definition of a table field such as field type and length, and the data element is used for the semantic definition short description.
A data element describes the meaning of a domain in a certain business context. It contains primarily the field help and the field labels in the screen. The domain is assigned to the data element, which in turn is assigned to the table fields or structure fields. Creating Domains Before you create a new domain, check whether any existing domains have the same technical specifications required in your table field.
If so, we are supposed to use that existing domain. Step 1: Go to Transaction SE Step 2: Select the radio button for Domain in the initial screen of the ABAP Dictionary, and enter the name of the domain as shown in the following screenshot. Note: You cannot enter any other attribute until you have entered this attribute.
Step 4: Enter the Data Type, No. Press the key on Output Length and it proposes and displays the output length. If you overwrite the proposed output length, you may see a warning while activating the domain. You may fill in the Convers. Routine, Sign and Lower Case fields if required.
But these are always optional attributes. Step 5: Select the Value Range tab. If the domain is restricted to having only fixed values then enter the fixed values or intervals.
Define the value table if the system has to propose this table as a check table while defining a foreign key for the fields referring to this domain.
But all these are optional attributes. Step 6: Save your changes. The Create Object Directory Entry pop-up appears and asks for a package. You may enter the package name in which you are working. If you do not have any package then you may create it in the Object Navigator or you can save your domain using the Local Object button. Step 7: Activate your domain. Remote call functions let you access other systems.
Dialog programming In dialog programming you use the Screen Painter to create screens and program the sequence in which they appear. This is a collection of dialog modules which are called by the flow logic of your screens. You use dialog programs for both reading and changing database tables. Why Dialog programming A dialog program must offer: a user-friendly user interface format and consistency checks for the data entered by the user easy correction of input errors access to data by storing it in the database.
Structure of a Dialog Program A dialog program consists of the following basic components: Screens dynpros Each dialog in an SAP system is controlled by dynpros. A dynpro Dynamic Program consists of a screen and its flow logic and controls exactly one dialog step. The flow logic of a dynpro contains calls of modules from the corresponding module pool. Interactive modules called at the PBO event are used to prepare the screen template in accordance to the context, for example by setting field contents or by suppressing fields from the display that are not needed.
Interactive modules called at the PAI event are used to check the user input and to trigger appropriate dialog steps, such as the update task. Transaction Explanation This transaction consists of one dynpro only. The user enters the ID of an airline company and a flight number to request flight information. When the user chooses Display, the system retrieves the requested data from the database and displays it. The transaction uses a program that conducts a dialog with the user. In a typical dialog, the system displays a screen on which the user can enter or request information.
As a reaction on the the user input or request, the program executes the appropriate actions: it branches to the next screen, displays an output, or changes the database. You use the Screen Painter and the Menu Painter to create and design screen templates and screen programs.
The dialog processor controls the flow of your dialog program. Fields can be text strings, input or output fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, or pushbuttons. Screen layout: Positions of the texts, fields, pushbuttons, and so on for a screen. Screen attributes: Number of the screen, number of the subsequent screen, and others. Field attributes: Definition of the attributes of the individual fields on a screen. Overview: Creating a Dialog Program In the following, we are going to create a dialog program which displays a planned flight connection.
On the first screen, the user can enter values for the key fields of the planned flight connection. If you are working with includes, the system proposes names for them according to the following convention: The first 5 characters of the name are the same as the last 5 characters of the program name. The sixth character is an identification code for the particular contents of the include, for example, O for a PBO module, F for form routines subroutines.
The seventh and eighth characters are 01, except in the case of the TOP include. In the program attributes, you maintain the title, the program type and the application.
For program type, enter the value M module pool and select appropriate application. Section 1. Getting Started. Section 2. Mind the legacy. Users need to register first in order to download or read the SAP pdf books. It is based on technologies and frameworks such as Your ABAP program calls a smart form and then to print, spools are generated.
Sub Objects: Choose the source code in the sub-objects. Start by completing a bachelor's degree in computer science, computer engineering, software engineering or a related field.
Undergo an internship. During school, seek a developer internship. Earn a master's degree. A dialog box now appears that contains two nested tab page areas. More items Training Summary.
Read Next:. Alwin Co Daan Wednesday, August 12, The main characteristic of a BAdI is that it provides a mechanism to change the functionality of a well-defined business function without making changes to the delivered source code. Future upgrades of the original business function can be applied without losing the customer-specific enhancements or the need to merge the changes. A BADI can be used any number of times whereas standard enhancement techniques can be used only once.
Read more.
0コメント